Space with stars and rockets
JSHeroes

An all things JavaScript conference

May 29-30th 2025

in Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Buy tickets Ecma, JSHeroes mascot wearing a space suit

Join us in 2025!

JSHeroes is a non-profit community-organized event, held every year in Cluj, Romania. Our goal is to bring together JS and Web/Frontend enthusiasts from all over the world for a single-track two-day conference with: quality content, amazing networking and tons of fun. You bring your ideas and desire to learn, we provide the relaxed atmosphere and the good vibes.

Our 7th edition will take place on the 29th and 30th of May 2025!

Tickets are available on our ti.to page.

Meet our 2025 speakers

  • Andrei Pfeiffer Platform Engineer Smilecloud
    Andrei Pfeiffer Platform Engineer @ Smilecloud

    Andrei is an eclectic code designer, developing websites and web apps since 2000. Currently working as a Platform Engineer, his everyday battles revolve around Clean Code Design, User & Developer Experience, Performance, and fighting software entropy through constant Refactoring, Automated Testing, and Code Reviews.

    Talk: The code etymologist

    In ancient times, knowledge was passed down through word of mouth, like an endless game of telephone where details changed with each retelling. Without a written record, information was often distorted or lost. This talk draws a parallel to software teams that work without documentation. Just like etymology traces the origins of words, documentation preserves history, accuracy, and meaning in code, ensuring that everyone shares a common understanding.

  • Atila Fassina Open-Source Developer SolidJS Team Member
    Atila Fassina Open-Source Developer @ SolidJS Team Member

    Atila is an Open-Source developer, SolidJS team member, SolidStart maintainer, and Google Developer Expert for Web Technologies. With >12 years building on the web, nowadays he focus on making the right thing easier for users by leveraging better developer experience in code-bases.

    Talk: Security-First Web Apps

    When setting up an app there are things that are nice-to-have and some things that you can’t ship without. In this day and age, protecting your users data and making it harder for others to attack them is a must. Let’s have a look on nice defaults that can set you and your app up for success. What are the best heuristics, practices, and measures to make sure you can scale your app on the safe-side and without headaches!

  • Bramus Van Damme Chrome Developer Relations Google
    Bramus Van Damme Chrome Developer Relations @ Google

    Bramus Van Damme is a web developer from Belgium. From the moment he discovered view-source at the age of 14 (way back in 1997), he fell in love with the web and has been tinkering with it ever since.

    As a Chrome Developer Relations Engineer at Google, he spreads the word on CSS, UI, and DevTools. Before joining Google, Bramus worked as a freelance developer in various front- and backend roles. For seven years he also was a College Lecturer Web & Mobile, educating undergrad students all about HTML, CSS, and JavaScript — in that order.

    Talk: Scroll-Driven Animations with CSS

    A new addition to CSS are “Scroll-Driven Animations”. With it, you can link animations to the scroll offset of a scroll container using only CSS — no JavaScript needed! In this demo-heavy presentation, we’ll dig into what this spec has to offer and dissect some of its demos (such as a working Cover Flow implementation) + use-cases.

  • Chelsea Troy ML Ops Engineer Mozilla
    Chelsea Troy ML Ops Engineer @ Mozilla

    Chelsea is a Machine Learning Operations Engineer at Mozilla, focused on the role of data privacy and scientific rigor in automation. She teaches Python to formerly incarcerated technologists through Columbia University’s Justice Through Code Initiative, and she also teaches at the University of Chicago Master’s Program in Computer Science. She hosts workshops for professional engineers through O’Reilly as well as her personal site, and writes at chelseatroy.com.

    Talk: TBA
  • Dan Shappir Principal Engineer Sisense
    Dan Shappir Principal Engineer @ Sisense

    Dan Shappir is Principal Engineer at Sisense. Previously he was Performance Tech Lead at Wix and at NEXT Insurance. Dan has over 25 years of software development experience, and has worked on systems ranging from multiuser games to missile trajectory simulations to designing and building large scale Web applications. He is a frequent speaker at technical conferences, a host on the popular JavaScript Jabber podcast, and an Invited Expert on the W3C Web Performance Working Group. Dan holds an MSc in Computer Science.

    Talk: The hidden framework revolution: the comeback of RPC

    A major shift is taking place in frontend programming that is mostly going unnoticed: the comeback of RPC (Remote Procedure Call). Leading frameworks, such as React, Qwik and Solid are embracing RPC as the preferred mechanism for accessing backend services and sending data from the frontend in the form of server components, server actions, and server functions. This is surprising because RPC used to be big in the 90s but fell out of favor when the Web took off, replaced by protocols such as REST and GraphQL. Now RPC is back and replacing these protocols instead. What’s driving this resurgence? Why is it happening now? What’s its impact on the way we implement frontends? In this talk I will answer these questions and explain how to achieve the benefits of RPC, avoid its limitations and make the most from this technological comeback.

  • Emilia Mureșan Technical Group Lead Modus Create
    Emilia Mureșan Technical Group Lead @ Modus Create

    Emilia Muresan leads the Frontend Architecture and Infrastructure technical group while also managing her director duties at Modus Create. She is particularly passionate about web technologies, developer experience (DX) and user experience (UX), as well as teaching, mentoring and all things related to the collaborative aspects of software development. In the past, she volunteered with JSHeroes, where she contributed her expertise in support of the local tech community.

    Talk: Lessons in Managing Technical Debt

    We have all dealt with Technical Debt in one way or another throughout our careers. We’ve tried to prevent it, manage it, or mitigate its impact—and if we’re honest, we’ve probably introduced some ourselves. But is technical debt always something to be avoided at all costs?

    Let’s use Martin Fowler’s Technical Debt Quadrant to explore the ideas of Reckless and Prudent Debt, while distinguishing between deliberate and inadvertent cases. Drawing on real-world examples from various web application projects that migrated to React and TypeScript, we’ll break down these types of debt and uncover four key lessons and strategies for effectively managing technical debt in a sustainable and practical way.

  • Filip Sodic Founding Engineer Wasp
    Filip Sodic Founding Engineer @ Wasp

    Hi, I’m Filip! I’m a founding engineer and a core maintainer at Wasp, an open-source web framework. I’m also a big fan of the web, compilers, and functional programming.

    I believe in learning and using a language to its full potential, regardless of whether I’m talking to a computer or with another human.

    When not working on Wasp, I teach Haskell and functional programming at a local university.

    Talk: Treat the Compiler With Compassion

    The compiler is your friend.

    Even when you think it’s out to get you, chances are it’s just misunderstood. Before exploring TypeScript’s inner workings, I used to spend more time than I care to admit cluelessly reading an error and wondering: “Why won’t it just leave me alone?”

    In this talk, I’ll explain why the compiler sometimes seems spiteful. We’ll discuss the type system’s power, its limitations, and the historical reasons behind its design.

    By sharing some insights from TypeScript’s deep end, I hope to leave you with a better understanding of the language and more compassion for your loyal friend, the compiler.

  • Hidde de Vries Front-end and a11y specialist
    Hidde de Vries Front-end and a11y specialist

    Hidde (@hdv) is a freelance front-end and accessibility specialist, currently working in the NL Design System team at the Dutch government. He is also involved in the W3C’s Open UI Community Group and Accessibility Guidelines Working Group. His favourite programming language is CSS and he strongly believes in a web that puts people first. Hidde writes about these things and more on hidde.blog. In his free time, he works on a coffee table book covering the video conferencing applications of our decade.

    Talk: Web platform features with a11y built in?
  • Ivan Akulov Senior Performance Engineer Framer
    Ivan Akulov Senior Performance Engineer @ Framer

    Ivan is a Google Developer Expert and a React / web performance engineer. He has previously helped companies like Google, Appsmith, Toggl, and many more – and currently works as a Senior Performance Engineer at Framer.

    Outside of work, Ivan enjoys playing dungeons and dragons, discovering lesser-known techno artists, and obsessing over serif typefaces.

    Talk: Invisible Hand of React Performance

    From React.createClass to PureComponent to hooks – React has changed a lot. Each of these changes was driven by a desire for better architecture. But under the hood, each of these changes also pushed us to write faster apps – often, without us even noticing that.

    In this talk, let’s look at how React’s invisible hand has been making our apps faster over the past 10 years:

    • useEffect, and how it’s faster than componentDidMount
    • Batching, and how it improved from version 0.4 to 0.12 to 18
    • <Suspense>, and some of the less obvious effects of using it
    • and possibly more
  • Jean Burellier Principal Engineer Sanofi
    Jean Burellier Principal Engineer @ Sanofi

    With a passion for reshaping processes and being able to produce more by doing less, Jean works mainly as a domain-specific reference on the JavaScript/Node.js ecosystem, leading platform and transversal teams.

    When he is not directly building features for the business, Jean finds solutions to improve the global developer experience by enhancing the collaboration between teams, bringing suggestions on how to succeed together, bring more efficiency to all teams and focus on the technical stack. Outside of the company work Jean spend a good amount of time to teach to Computer Science students, present to both in-company guilds and meetups and being involved on Open-Source projects.

    Talk: Reviving Express: A challenging road for Express 5.0

    The Node.js world celebrated its 15 years this year, with the Express Framework turning the same age next January. Strong of more than a decade of experience, the Express ecosystem is one of the bigger of the JavaScript world, with close to 55 billions downloads a year.

    With the now released released Express 5.0, we plan to bring significant performance and security improvements while also signaling back to the community the next steps of the modernization of the framework. Let’s see all the current work being done to achieve version 5.0, including Express CITGM in Node.js, the change of governance and how the project was revivified during the year.

    With a new technical committee, captains, triagers and goal, this talk will focus on the work that was done, but most importantly the next steps leading to Express 6.0 and 7.0, paving the way for a more sustainable and efficient Express.js ecosystem.

    Used by everyone, but maintained only by a small number of people, let’s dive into the news around the new Express.js version 5 - the first major released since 2014. Performance, security but also sustainability are core topics for this new version.

  • Jessica Janiuk Staff Software Engineer Google
    Jessica Janiuk Staff Software Engineer @ Google

    Jessica Janiuk is a Staff Software Engineer at Google, and currently works on the Angular framework team building one of the world’s most popular front end web frameworks. Jessica is best known for her puns, some of which are on display in several videos on the Angular YouTube channel.

    Talk: The latest with Angular

    A lot has been happening with the Angular framework lately. Let’s talk about all the new features from signals to server side rendering to incremental hydration. Get all the details on what’s new and what’s coming.

  • Josh Goldberg Open Source Maintainer
    Josh Goldberg Open Source Maintainer

    Hi, I’m Josh! I’m an independent full time open source developer. I work on projects in the TypeScript ecosystem, most notably typescript-eslint: the tooling that enables ESLint and Prettier to run on TypeScript code. I’m also the author of Learning TypeScript (O’Reilly), a Microsoft MVP for developer technologies, and an active conference speaker. My personal projects range from static analysis to meta-languages to recreating retro games in the browser. Also cats.

    Talk: Tooling Like It's 2025

    TypeScript! ESLint! Biome! Oh my! So many tools exist that we can choose from as modern developers. Do you ever feel like you’re getting lost in a sea of GitHub README.mds and configuration file messes?

    Let’s talk about the state of tooling for TypeScript developers in 2025. What are the tools that many developers are finding helpful? How are those tools changing over time to be more helpful (and less annoying to configure)? Why do we even care about tooling when we have TypeScript!?

    All those questions and more will be answered. We’ll cover:

    • The state of common tooling: linters, TypeScript, their integrations together (hello, Rust!)
    • Some of the great benefits of aggressive static analysis (hello, plugins!)
    • Miscellaneous other tools such as Knip and TypeChat (hello, AI!)
    • High-level trends for tooling

    After this talk, you’ll be prepared not just to configure your linter and type checker, but you’ll understand why so many developers are excited for that task in the first place.

  • Miriam Suzanne Front-end Architect Oddbird
    Miriam Suzanne Front-end Architect @ Oddbird

    Miriam is an author, artist, developer, and open web advocate. She’s an Invited Expert with the W3C CSS Working Group, and member of the Sass core team, and a co-founder of OddBird – providing a range of web development and design services, along with in-depth workshops and trainings. Miriam co-authored the specifications for CSS container queries, cascade layers, and scope. Offline, she spends her time making pottery, repairing mechanical clocks, knitting socks, or creating art with Teacup Gorilla & Grapefruit Lab.

  • Nicolas Carlo Freelance Web Developer
    Nicolas Carlo Freelance Web Developer

    Nicolas is a freelance web developer base in Montreal, Canada. He organizes the React meetups there. His super power is to dive into legacy codebases to help devs put it back on tracks. That’s his secret: he is always refactoring.

    Talk: 6 Safe Refactorings for Untested Legacy Code

    Refactoring code without tests is risky, but writing tests often requires refactoring first. How do you solve this paradox? I’ll show strategies to reduce risks, even without tests, and demonstrate key refactorings for legacy codebases—moves you might know, but not fully master yet.

  • Sandrina Pereira Staff Frontend Engineer Remote.com
    Sandrina Pereira Staff Frontend Engineer @ Remote.com

    I’m a Staff Frontend Engineer helping turn ideas into accessible experiences. I enjoy filling the gap between Engineering and Product. Currently, I’m doing it at Remote.com. Along the way, I’m into React, headless design systems and accessibility ecosystems.

    Talk: Fullstack Forms validations with JSON Schemas

    Forms can become a pain to maintain, with a lot of duplication between the server and the client: Duplicated data structures, validations, sync deploys, etc… Come learn how JSON Schemas can become the SSoT (single-source of truth) to manage your Forms at scale and fill the gap between any server and the browser, without compromising the final User Experience.

  • Shai Reznik Team Lead Qwik
    Shai Reznik Team Lead @ Qwik

    Shai Reznik is the team lead for the Qwik framework and the founder of HiRez.io, where he makes web development both efficient and fun through hands-on training, online courses and consulting.

    As a Google Developer Expert and a seasoned speaker with a background in stand-up comedy and improv, Shai is known for turning complex tech topics into engaging, fun and memorable talks.

    Talk: JavaScript Streaming - a Qwik Glimpse into an AI Optimized future

    “Wait… I don’t have to write all this code and my users still get the best experience possible? … It’s like my code is auto-optimizing itself!”

    That’s exactly how I felt when I first learned about “JavaScript Streaming” - a new way to build for the web that feels almost like magic.

    It also helped me answer a big question: “What’s next for web development, and where should I invest my time to prepare for the future?”

    In this session (or should I say, magic show?), I’ll take you on a journey through my decision to join the innovative Qwik framework, how it’s philosophy is going to change our lives as web developers forever, and show it in action.

    Get ready to learn, laugh, and get inspired about what’s next for the web!

  • Sophie Koonin Web Engineering Lead Monzo Bank
    Sophie Koonin Web Engineering Lead @ Monzo Bank

    Sophie is the web engineering lead at Monzo Bank in the UK, responsible for the web platform across the organisation and working on internal tooling that powers Monzo’s award-winning customer service.

    Building websites since the age of 10, she’s passionate about creating inclusive, accessible and fun websites that people love. Sophie writes about tech & mental health at localghost.dev, builds intentionally useless web apps, and makes music.

    Talk: So you’ve decided to do a technical migration

    It seems like there’s always a hot new library or framework promising great things. But people often forget about the pain and effort required to move from an old technology to a new one. How long will it take? If you finish, will it be worth it? And if you don’t, could it leave you in a worse place than where you started?

    Drawing from my experience of the Typescript migration we recently completed at Monzo I’ll take you through some of the different outcomes of technical migrations and the things we learned along the way.

Bridging the gap

Our ecosystem has an abundance of technologies, tools, frameworks and services to deliver applications faster than ever before. With new standards and ways of building across multiple platforms, developers have wide toolkit at their disposal. But there’s a growing gap between our projects, with accumulated technical debt and complexity, and the tools and frameworks developed by the community. In 2025, we’re bridging that gap.

Our speakers will present solutions for common industry problems, highlight the strugles with managing complexity, maintainability and scalability and will explore new technologies, frameworks and standards that tackle all these concerns.

At JSHeroes, we always ventured outside the pure language ecosystem, so expect to see a variety of talks covering the entire landscape of web development and JavaScript as a universal programming language.

But of course, we will not neglect the human side of things, in our effort to paint a full picture for the development community in 2025.

Agenda

This is just a draft version of the agenda.

Day 1: Thursday May 29

  • 08:00 - 09:00
    Registration
  • 09:10 - 09:30
    Welcome to JSHeroes!
  • 09:30 - 10:00
    Andrei Pfeiffer The code etymologist
  • 10:00 - 10:30
    Sandrina Pereira Fullstack Forms validations with JSON Schemas
  • 10:30 - 11:00
    Coffee Break
  • 11:00 - 11:30
    Emilia Mureșan Lessons in Managing Technical Debt
  • 11:30 - 12:00
    Sophie Koonin So you’ve decided to do a technical migration
  • 12:00 - 12:30
    Nicolas Carlo 6 Safe Refactorings for Untested Legacy Code
  • 12:30 - 14:00
    Lunch Break
  • 14:00 - 14:30
    Atila Fassina Security-First Web Apps
  • 14:30 - 15:00
    Ivan Akulov Invisible Hand of React Performance
  • 15:00 - 15:45
    Coffee Break
  • 15:45 - 16:15
    Filip Sodic Treat the Compiler With Compassion
  • 16:15 - 16:45
    Chelsea Troy TBA

Day 2: Friday May 30

  • 09:00 - 09:30
    Welcome back!
  • 09:30 - 10:00
    Dan Shappir The hidden framework revolution: the comeback of RPC
  • 10:00 - 10:30
    Jean Burellier Reviving Express: A challenging road for Express 5.0
  • 10:30 - 11:00
    Coffee Break
  • 11:00 - 11:30
    Hidde de Vries Web platform features with a11y built in?
  • 11:30 - 12:00
    Miriam Suzanne TBA
  • 12:00 - 12:30
    Bramus Van Damme Scroll-Driven Animations with CSS
  • 12:30 - 14:00
    Lunch Break
  • 14:00 - 14:30
    Josh Goldberg Tooling Like It's 2025
  • 14:30 - 15:00
    Jessica Janiuk The latest with Angular
  • 15:00 - 15:30
    Coffee Break
  • 15:30 - 16:30
    Shai Reznik JavaScript Streaming - a Qwik Glimpse into an AI Optimized future

A transparency-first community event

We believe that the community and the open-source models are well suited for our core values: learning, teaching and knowledge sharing. Our mission is to inspire other communities with the concept of open-source events.

We’re publishing all data about this conference, in full transparency. We are also available at any time for inquires and we’re really looking forward to sharing our knowledge about organizing international events. This way, whenever a community wants to start something similar, they can build on our knowledge.

Sponsors

If you are interested in supporting us, check out our sponsorship page .

Event partners

Media partners

Venue and facilities

We are hosting the JSHeroes 2025 conference at the Grand Hotel Italia, Vasile Conta Street number 2, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

See directions on Google Maps.

All the event areas are wheelchair accessible, including the restrooms and the lunch area. You can read more about the venue facilities on our accesibility page.

Meet the organizers

  • Ale Retegan
    Ale Retegan Organizer

    Alexandra is a dynamic and passionate individual who has taken on the role of the main organizer of JS Heroes. With a background in project management and a deep love for the tech industry, Alexandra has a keen eye for detail and an unwavering commitment to excellence, which means that no stone is left unturn and no piece of information about the event is tracked in a spreadsheet.

  • Alex Moldovan
    Alex Moldovan Organizer

    Alex is one of the founders of JSHeroes and coordinates the effort behind the content of each edition. During the event, he will occasionally pick up the microphone and introduce speakers, but he prefers to keep a watchful eye over the conference, to make sure everything is on time and the event is as smooth as possible.

    He works as a Frontend Engineer at CodeSandbox, where he gets to practice his passion for both sides of the user experience vs developer experience dilemma.

  • Alexandra Mînzat
    Alexandra Mînzat
    Alexandra Mînzat Organizer

    Alexandra is a lovely “sunny” person, she’s our admin girl, on board with JSHeroes since 2017.

    Her aim is to make sure everything is done on time, the speakers arrive and leave safely, and urgent matters are attended to during the entire conference week.

  • Anamaria Oros
    Anamaria Oros
    Anamaria Oros Organizer

    Ana is a dedicated volunteer who has been involved with the JSHeroes conference from the very beginning. Her initial role was to take care of the traveling arrangements of the conference speakers, earning her the affectionate nickname “trip advisor”. However, Ana’s life changed when she became a mother, which made it challenging for her to continue with her initial responsibilities. Nevertheless, she remained committed to the conference and continued to volunteer her time whenever she could, taking on any tasks that were available.

    Despite the challenges of motherhood and the demands of her busy schedule, Ana remained dedicated to the conference and always showed up with a positive attitude and a willingness to help wherever needed. Her hard work and dedication were greatly appreciated by everyone involved, and she was admired for her ability to balance multiple responsibilities and still make time to give back to the community.

  • Claudia Țicle
    Claudia Țicle Organizer

    Claudia loves people and has a strong sense of curiosity. Believes that design and technology are changing the world. For 💙JSHeroes💙 she 🌔gravitates towards visual design and content usability.

  • Eliza Nițoi
    Eliza Nițoi Organizer
  • Florin Tomozei
    Florin Tomozei Organizer

    Florin participated at the conference from the beginning and was impressed by the incredible community around it. With his previous volunteering experience, in 2023 he decided to join the team and help.

    In the meantime, he works as a Software Engineer and occasionally finds some time for one of his passions, photography.

  • Irina Georgescu
    Irina Georgescu Organizer
  • Radu Blana
    Radu Blana Organizer

    Radu joined the JSHeroes community in 2023 and never looked back. He appreciates the high level of interest, commitment, and fun that everybody in the JSHeroes ecosystem promotes, and is keen to be at its core for the years to come. He is passionate about everything in the Web space, from the bare bits that built up UIs, to UX research and design, developer productivity, healthy work environments and many more. During the event he helps looking after the speakers, making sure that the flow of the conference is as good on stage as it is back-stage. Radu is a UI Developer turned UX designer and Product Owner, currently setting up the bases of a technology consulting business called Bridgeford.

  • Vlad Ionescu
    Vlad Ionescu Organizer

    Vlad has been helping organize the event three years running, being the man behind the scenes. Vlad is also in charge of all social events/parties, so if you want to find out where to get a beer in Cluj, Vlad is your man. You can also come find Vlad if you want to talk about LEGO, basketball or video games.

    He works as a Full-Stack Engineer at FanDuel, where he gets to have fun doing a bit of everything.

The event volunteers

  • Alex Paușan
    Alex Paușan Organizer
  • Alexandru Lupu
    Alexandru Lupu Organizer
  • Ana Cojuhari
    Ana Cojuhari Organizer
  • Daniel Mocan
    Daniel Mocan Organizer

    Daniel mostly focuses on the JSHeroes local meetups, but during the conference gives a helping hand where it is needed. He is usually in charge of the JSHeroes Blood Donation campaign.

    He works as Full Stack JavaScript developer, with React on the frontend and Node on the server side.

  • Melania Moldovan
    Melania Moldovan Organizer
  • Oana Muntean
    Oana Muntean Organizer
  • Oana Șipoș
    Oana Șipoș Organizer

And the brand ambassadors

  • Andrei Antal
    Andrei Antal
    Andrei Antal Ambassador
  • Benedek Gagyi
    Benedek Gagyi
    Benedek Gagyi Ambassador
  • Carmen Popoviciu
    Carmen Popoviciu Ambassador

    Carmen is an emoji hyper-user disguised as a web developer in real life. She enjoys building things on the web and does exactly that on the Pages team at Cloudflare. If you are ever stranded on a remote island and have only three attempts to recover your master password, the secret key code is “dance”.

  • Ioana Chiorean
    Ioana Chiorean
    Ioana Chiorean Ambassador

    Ioana is an engineer manager flavored in communities, and devrel, that has more than 12 years of experience in tech with a specialization in mobile apps and web. Besides her daily job, she dedicates her time to building tech communities and improving the access to education. She is the Module Owner for Mozilla Reps, one of the alumna of MozTechSpeakers, and stands as an ambassador for CodeWeek at the European Commission.

    In her free time, she contributes to Open Source, tech or sports events, and different volunteering programs. all these while enjoying a coffee or a good wine.

  • Jeremias Menichelli
    Jeremias Menichelli Ambassador

    He developed interest in the web back when a dial-up modem was the fastest thing on the planet. Now, he has more than a decade of experience building web products of all kinds and lately working in design systems, performance, education and community.

  • Sara Vieira
    Sara Vieira
    Sara Vieira Ambassador
  • Tejas Kumar
    Tejas Kumar
    Tejas Kumar Ambassador

    Tejas Kumar is an international keynote speaker with an engineering background spanning 22 years, from design to frontend to backend to devops. Today, Tejas shares talks at large with developer communities worldwide, equipping them to do their best work.